Long gone, says Jason Bloom, senior director of global ETF strategy at Invesco, are the days when he had to explain to investors what ETFs are and how they work. “ETFs are mainstream,” he says.
Wealth managers incorporate these securities, which trade like stocks but hold baskets of investments the way mutual funds do, into client portfolios as often as they include stocks, bonds and mutual funds.
Tracy S. Burke, a partner and investment consultant at the asset management firm Conrad Siegel, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, favors ETFs over mutual funds in taxable accounts. Because of the way ETFs are structured, holding these types of securities in a taxable account will likely generate less tax liability than holding similarly structured mutual funds in the same account. “We use ETFs in our practice – and pretty heavily, in fact,” says Burke.
Insurance and pension fund asset managers use them, too. “It’s easier for an insurance company to buy a basket of bonds in an ETF than it is to build their own basket, security by security,” says Johnson.
And it’s worth noting that the Federal Reserve relied on ETFs as a way to buttress the bond market during the early 2020 selloff. The central bank invested billions in index-based ETFs in a variety of bond sectors, including government bonds, corporate debt and mortgage-backed securities.
Traditional mutual fund companies continue to branch into the ETF market. The latest: Capital Group, the investment firm behind the American Funds brand of mutual funds, launched six actively managed ETFs in February, including one fixed-income core strategy, three stock funds focused on the U.S., and two foreign-stock ETFs.
Though practically ubiquitous, ETFs are still evolving. In their early days, these funds tracked broad, well-known indexes. Then came smart-beta funds, or ETFs that track customized benchmarks with the aim to beat the traditional bogeys. Now, actively managed ETFs are emerging. Active ETFs accounted for nearly half of all new fund launches over the past 18 months, according to Morningstar. What’s more, for the third year in a row, new ETFs outnumbered new mutual fund launches.
What hasn’t changed are the reasons ETFs are so appealing. These funds are typically low cost, and they trade commission-free at most brokerage firms. They’re also more tax-efficient than mutual funds. They are less likely to generate capital gains distributions like mutual funds do, for a start, though you’ll still owe taxes on any gains you pocket when you sell.
As with stocks, you can execute a trade to buy and sell shares in an ETF at any time during the trading day. You can even sell them short or trade options tied to ETFs.
And ETFs are nimble. With one ETF, you can invest in an entire market, such as U.S. stocks or European stocks. Or you can target a small pocket of the market – cloud-computing stocks or cryptocurrency-related shares, say, or a sector, such as energy. Or you can home in on a particular investing factor, such as value-priced shares or high-quality companies.
“The average investor is familiar with ETFs and has been investing in ETFs for some time now,” says Todd Rosenbluth, head of research at ETF data and analytics firm VettaFi. “Now they”re comfortable embracing funds that might be more narrowly constructed.”
3 Rules for Buying and Selling ETFs
It’s easy to buy and sell shares in exchange-traded funds, buy it pays to heed a few rules.
Use a limit order. Limit orders allow you to specify the price at which you are willing to buy and sell shares. Enter an ETF symbol in your online broker’s trading ticket and you’ll see a bid price (the highest price a buyer is willing to pay) and an ask or offer price (the lowest price a seller is willing to accept).
Popular, widely traded ETFs typically have a narrow gap between bid and ask prices. On a day in mid June, for instance, the difference between the bid and the ask (the bid-ask spread) for the iShares Core S&P 500 ETF (IVV) – a member of the Kip ETF 20, our favorite low-cost exchange-traded funds – was 4 cents. But spreads can widen when markets get choppy, says Morningstar’s Ben Johnson. Setting a limit order ensures that you buy or sell at the price you want. “You’re guaranteed that price or better,” he says.
Keep an eye on the fund’s premium/discount. ETFs have a market price, like stocks, but they also have a net asset value (the value of the underlying securities in the fund), like mutual funds. The premium/discount is a measure of the difference between the market price and the ETF’s NAV.
The ETF trades at a premium if the share price rises above the NAV, and it trades at a discount if the share price falls below the NAV. Popular funds typically sport a tiny premium/discount. The one-month rolling average premium/discount on iShares Core S&P 500, for instance, was 0.01% in mid June.
Time your trades well. Avoid trading in the first or last half-hour of any given trading day, because price volatility tends to rise at those times. And never buy or sell when the market is closed.
