How Shattered Markets Work With ETFs

Meanwhile, ETFs tracking the Russian market, notably the VanEck Russia ETF (RSX B+) and the iShares MSCI Russia ETF (ERUS B+), are still trading during U.S. market hours. So what the heck is going on?

The reality of modern markets is that sometimes securities don’t trade. Every day, securities around the world simply don’t trade, whether it’s a China A-Share that suddenly decides not to trade because of bad news, or something broader like the closing of the Greek market in 2015 (which I covered here) or the Arab spring of 2011 (which I covered here). In each case, the ETF tracking the closed securities continued to trade, often at prices that didn’t, at first glance, make much sense. For example, here was EGPT back in the heat of it:

Source: Bloomberg

All this chart shows is that “the fund traded above its advertised net asset value” — a premium. It’s fictitious, of course — the real “value” of the Egyptian stock market was largely unknowable at the time.

And here’s what we see in RSK right now vs. the intraday NAV it publishes:

Source: Bloomberg

Wild premium and discount swings? Not really. Here’s what’s actually going on:

RSX owns a basket of some 60 Russian stocks, defined as stocks with more than 50% of their revenues or assets from Russia. However, most of its holdings are Depository Receipts that trade in London. So, for example, Gazprom trades in London as OGZD, and as I’m typing this, 26 million shares of the ADR have changed hands in the London session so far today (cut in half):

Source: Bloomberg

There are a few critical points here. The price of Gazprom, which is not trading on its actual market, is being determined by a Western market’s receipts. That’s the sentiment auction happening right now. At the same time, investors are using ETFs like RSX as a different, broad market sentiment auction while, again, the actual underlying securities aren’t trading.

There is absolutely no such thing as the “right” price in times such as this. Right now, at this moment, I have absolutely no idea whether Gazprom IRs in London are going to be considered “valid” either by the LSE or anyone else. While we are not on entirely unheralded territory, there is no map for how this unwinds. So what then is the “right price” of the ADR vs. the actual Russian company’s value? And what then is the “right price” for an ETF tracking those ADRs? Anyone who tells you an answer is lying.

Like literally everything that trades, the “right price” is the one at which you, the investor, decide to trade. In that moment, you and the counterparty are “right,” and everyone else is wrong.

Based on history, there are a few things we might see in the coming days:

• Russia could close its markets entirely to foreign investors, which would require, I believe, Russian companies failing to meet their listing obligations for receipts, thus forcing receipts to be delisted.
• Various index providers and ETF issuers could declare Russia “uninvestable” and begin an unwinding process. This hasn’t happened in my career that I can recall; however, Reuters reports that MSCI is already talking that way:
• “It would not make much sense for us to continue to include Russian securities if our clients and investors cannot transact in the market,” Dimitris Melas, MSCI’s head of index research and chair of the Index Policy Committee, told Reuters.
• Investors (speculators, honestly) will continue to set prices in Russian-related ETFs until someone turns off trading in those products, which seems unlikely until there’s an external requirement. If you think Russia being down 60% this year so far is “too much,” well, you’re welcome to take a flyer. If you think “down 100%” is the end state, good luck trying to find a borrow to short anything. But until a regulator, an exchange, or a government starts turning off the machines, the ETFs will likely continue to do exactly what they’re supposed to do in times like this: price.
• Broad market investors, say, folks in giant ETFs like the iShares Emerging Markets ETF (EEM A-), are going to realize that they have just a little bit of exposure here — usually a few percent. They may also realize that they have exposure to China, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia. Some folks will see that as normal and a way to participate in the global economy, whatever happens. Others may look for more nuanced international exposure, such as WisdomTree’s “ex-State-owned” products or the Alpha Architect’s Freedom 100 Emerging Markets ETF (FRDM).
• At the ETF level, as long as securities can be bought somewhere, folks like VanEck can keep the creation and redemption windows open for funds like RSX. That’s true at the moment; however, one of the above actions (such as delisting the LSE receipts) could force ETF issuers’ hands, closing the fund for creations and making premium/discount swings even more likely and exaggerated.

I suspect I’m like most investors out there in that I don’t get particularly cute with my international exposure — I own big, boring broad index funds and try and forget about them as much as possible. Weeks like this are always hard, but they create opportunities to have meaningful conversations with your clients, your family, and your “investment pals” about not just what you’re invested in but why. The heat of the moment is rarely the right time to make a move. But it’s always the right time to learn more and pay attention.

For more news, information, and strategy, visit ETF Trends. You can follow Dave on twitter @DaveNadig.